Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf

| 18-09-2021
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  1. Spoken Sanskrit Online Crash Course. An all-new course of Spoken Sanskrit with more diverse topics covered in an amazing class like interactive environment. This online course gives you a taste of the glorious ancient Indian civilization by teaching you to speak in Sanskrit! Sanskrit is the language of Veda and wisdom.
  2. This course of fteen lessons is in tended to lift the English-sp eaking studen t who kno ws nothing of Sanskrit, to the lev el where he can in telligen tly apply Monier-Williams' dictionary 1 and the Dh atu-P at. Ha 2 to the study of the scriptures. The rst v e lessons co v er the pron unciation of basic Sanskrit alphab et, together with its.
  1. Free Sanskrit Lessons Online
  2. Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Free
  3. Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Free

Learnsanskrit - An English - Sanskrit dictionary: This is an online hypertext dictionary for Sanskrit - English and English - Sanskrit. The online hypertext Sanskrit dictionary is meant for learning Sanskrit. There are many fables in Sanskrit for beginners: Aesop, Panchatantra, Hitopadesha, Jataka fables.

Nouns and Gender

Every noun in Sanskrit has 24 different forms, each of which indicates a combination of a case and number. Excluding the dual number forms, the remaining 16 forms of the word देव are given on Page 51 along with their meanings. The convention used on this website to indicate the case and number corresponding to one form of a noun is 'CASE/NUMBER', e.g. देवः is 1/1, देवान् is 2/+ (the plural number is indicated by a +).
TIP: The 1/+ and 8/+ forms and 4/+ and 5/+ forms of देव are identical. Therefore its case must be determined by the context of the word in a sentence. Usually this is quite simple to do. For example, 1/+ is much more common than 8/+ because almost every sentence needs a subject. The vocative 8/+ form will be found only rarely in the context of a dialogue.
The forms of देव serve as a template for every masculine noun in Sanskrit that ends in -अ. Hence just as the 5/1 form of देव is देवात्, for वृक्ष it is वृक्षात्, for तापस it is तापसात्, and so on. All masculine nouns that end in -अ are said to decline like देव.
Every noun in Sanskrit has a gender. There are 3 genders in Sanskrit: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Although the genders of some nouns correspond to their physical gender (e.g. पुरुष = 'man' is masculine, स्त्री = 'woman' is feminine), the gender of most nouns is arbitrary. The gender of a noun must be looked up in a dictionary. In this book, the gender of a noun is indicated in the vocabulary lists following each exercise, as well as in the lexicon at the back of the book, with the letters m., f., and n.
The noun फल is neuter. It declines exactly the same as देव, except for the First, Second and Eighth case. Its singular and plural forms for both First and Second case are फलम् and फलानि. The forms of फल serve as a template for every neuter noun in Sanskrit that ends in -अ.
TIP: Since the First and Second case forms for neuter nouns are exactly the same, it can be difficult to decide whether a neuter noun in a sentence is in First or Second case. Assume it is in First case unless you can connect it to a specific verb as its object. If both the subject and object of a verb are neuter, only context can tell which is in First case and which is in Second case.
Adjectives do not have fixed gender. An adjective must 'agree' with the noun it describes in gender, case, and number. This means that the gender, case, and number of the adjective will be the same as the noun it describes.

Principles of Translation

The following principles can be used to help translate basic sentences. These principles will be modified as new grammatical topics are introduced.
  1. Determine the case and number of each noun
  2. Place the noun in First case before the verb in English, and the noun in Second case after the verb
  3. Place all other nouns at the end of the sentence along with the preposition appropriate for their case
  4. Place adjectives as well as nouns in Sixth case together with the noun they describe.
  5. Translate all the words into their English meanings

For example, a Sanskrit sentence can consist of any arbitrary nouns A, B, C, and D in the following cases: A (1/+) B (7/1) C (4/1) D (2/1) VERB. The structure of this sentence in English would be: As VERBD in B for C. You can try using this method to translate sentence #2 on Page 55.
NOTE: All the verbs in the vocabulary lists in this lesson end in -ति. If the subject of the sentence is plural, the ending will be changed to -न्ति. This will be explained further in Lesson 2.
Sentence #4 of Page 55 includes an adjective: कृष्णाः (1/+) अश्वाः (1/+) क्षेत्रे (7/1) धावन्ति (VERB). The structure of this sentence in English would be: कृष्ण अश्वs धावन्ति in क्षेत्रे.
A word in Sixth case is always connected to another noun (almost always the noun that immediately follows it in Sanskrit). It can be translated with the preposition 'of' or with an apostrophe and the letter 's'. For example A (6/1) B can be translated as 'B of A' or 'A's B'. Sentence #5 on Page 55 is: नरेश्वरस्य (6/1) सूतः (1/1) रथं (2/1) आरोहति. The structure of this sentence in English would be: सूत of नरेश्वर आरोहति रथ or नरेश्वर's सूत आरोहति रथ. Note that the word in Sixth case, like an adjective, must always translated together with the noun it is connected to.
NOTE: In sentence #1 on Page 55, the word स्वर्गं is in Second case not as the object of the verb, but as its destination. Like this, additional uses of each case will be introduced in the coming lessons.

Indeclinable Words

There are many words in Sanskrit that do not have multiple forms like nouns and verbs do. Such words are called 'indeclinable'. The majority of indeclinable words are either adverbs, conjunctions ('and', 'but', etc.) or particles such as the negative particle 'न' or particles used for emphasis like 'एव'.
The negative particle 'न' usually negates the word immediately following it. For example, in sentence #3 on Page 55, it negates the verb 'विन्दति', which should then be translated 'does not find'.
Some adverbial indeclinable words look like nouns and therefore it is necessary to look the words up to determine whether they are nouns or indeclinable words. For example, शनैः (meaning 'slowly') is an indeclinable that looks like a noun in 3/+.

Sandhi

Sandhi is a unique and significant feature of Sanskrit. It is the euphonic changes that occur when certain letters come together, either between words or within them. Two examples are introduced here, and more sandhi rules will be taught systematically in later lessons.
One example is the letter न् becoming ण् after certain letters. It is this change that results in the 3/1 and 6/+ of words like शूर being शुरेण (not शूरेन) and शूराणाम् (not शूरानाम्). It is not necessary to know the exact rule, but only to treat न् and ण् as equivalent in noun endings.
Another example is the letter म् becoming anusvāra (the dot ' ं ' above the previous letter) when followed by a consonant. This anusvāra should be pronounced like the nasal letter that has the same articular surface (guttaral, palatal, etc.) at the following consonant, e.g. anusvāra before त् is pronounced as न्. To simplify things, every म् at the end of a word will be written as anusvāra in this book, whether a consonant follows or not.

There are many online and offline digital tools available to help those interested in reading Sanskrit. Here are some of the best. It is advisable to study Sanskrit with a teacher, so the resources below are not meant to teach Sanskrit per se. They are simply a handful of recommended tools useful to have at your fingertips to help along the way. Pāṇini tools will be posted separately.

Sanskrit

Some of these are in DJVU format which is a lighter-weight alternative to PDF. DJVU format makes scrolling through the larger texts such as dictionaries much more pleasant. Download DJVU readers here.

Spoken

Dictionaries
Declension & Conjugation
Grammar
Devanāgarī Input
More

Dictionaries

Free Sanskrit Lessons Online

For IOS (iPhone / iPad):

  • Purchase and Download Dictionary Universal app (USD $5.99) from the app store
  • Download “All Dictionaries” from Arsha Drishti
  • Unzip and copy folders containing the dictionaries via iTunes -> iPhone/iPad->Apps -> File Sharing -> Dictionary. You may need to copy each high-level sub-folder individually.
  • Start up the Dictionary Universal app (simply called Dictionary”. You can confirm the files are available in Settings -> Dictionaries.
  • Wait while the dictionaries are indexed
  • सुखी भव – Be happy।

For Integrating into the Native Mac OSX Dictionary:

Integrate Sanskrit dictionaries into the built-in Mac Dictionary so you can look up a Sanskrit word in Devanagari or transliteration by the standard OS X mechanisms of simply highlighting the word or multi-finger double-tapping.

Instructions:

    • Download “OSX Sanskrit Dictionaries.zip” which are in Mac OS X format from Arsha Drishti
      • Note: These are in a different format than those used in GoldenDict or IOS
    • Unzip them and move them to ~/Library/Dictionaries
      • Note: This is a hidden folder, so you must use Finder Meu -> Go -> Go to Folder … to get there, or show hidden folders/files with Command + Shift + .
    • Open the Dictionary application and enable the new dictionaries in Dictionary -> Preferences

For OSX (Mac), Windows, Android: Golden Dictionary

Golden Dictionary is a wonderful free program that gives searchable offline access to Apte and Monier Williams Sanskrit-English dictionaries as well as English-Sanskrit lookups and Pāṇini Sūtra-s, commentaries, Dhātupāṭha etc. You can also set it up to query online sources such as the spoken Sanskrit online dictionary It is much easier than other dictionary alternatives and a joy to use, though occasionally unstable and some entries seem to be truncated.

Instructions:

    • Download the program – Mac, PC (Updated Version), Android
    • Download Dictionaries.zip from Arsha Drishti.
    • Dictionaries available zipped for download:
      • All: All of the dictionaries below in one zip file
      • Apte: The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary – A Must-Have:
        • Apte-bi: Allows for Sanskrit -> English and English -> Sanskrit look-ups
        • Apte-prAtipadikam-sa: Allows for searching for undeclined forms
        • Apt-sa: Allows for searching in Devanāgarī
      • MW: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary:
        • MW-bi-itrans-dev: Allows for Sanskrit -> English and English -> Sanskrit look-ups
        • mw-heritage_du_sanskrit_san-eng: Nicer formatting, some redundancies removed
        • mw-itrans-rom: No Devanāgarī
        • mw-sa: Allows for searching in Devanāgarī
      • Grammar: Grammatical form look-up – A Must-Have:
        • Declension-heritage_du_sanskrit_san-eng: All declined nominal forms from THIS site. Wonderful.
        • Grammar-heritage_du_sanskrit_san-eng: All conjugated verbal forms from the same site. Wonderful as well.
        • jnu-tiNanta: Another verbal conjugation source
      • Panini: Various Grammatical texts, mostly referencing Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī:
        • Dhātupāṭha, Lahgu Siddhānta Kaumudi, Bālamanoramā, Nyāsa, Kāśikā, Tattvabodhinī, Dhātupradīpa, Gaṇapāṭha
      • Sanskrit-Sanskrit: Several Sanskrit to Sanskrit dictionaries
        • वाचस्पत्यम्, शब्दकल्पदुम, अमरकोश, शब्दसागर etc
      • Other: Sanskrit computer terms, Purāṇa, Veda, etc
    • Setup – Add & process dictionaries (OS X):
      • Unzip dictionaries
      • In Golden Dictionary: Edit->Dictionaries->Sources
      • Point to folder with dictionaries
      • Check Recursive box
      • Click Apply button
    • Usage Notes:
      • Input with diacritical marks is not accepted
      • Long vowels are doubled e.g. आ/ā = aa;
      • क्ष् (kṣ) = x;
      • ज्ञ् (jñ) = gy;
      • ट्/त् (ṭ/t) = t;
      • ड्/द् (ḍ/d) = d;
      • ङ्/ञ/ण/न (ṇ/ñ/ṇ/n) = n
      • श्/ष ś/ṣ =sh;
      • Apte often presents nominal entries in declined form (e.g. ज्ञानम् / gyaanam) , but Monier in undeclined form (e.g. ज्ञान / gyaana); Best to search for both. The Prātipadikam version of Apte allows for searching in the undeclined form
      • You can turn individual dictionaries on and off, or set up groups in Golden Dictionary to reduce clutter / redundancy
    • Setting up links to external sources
      • To incorporate external Wiki sources into Golden Dict add these entries under Menu -> Edit -> Dictionaries -> Sources -> Wiki
        • Name: Sanskrit Wikipedia; Address: https://sa.wikipedia.org/w
        • Name: Sanskrit Wiktionary; Address: https://sa.wiktionary.org/w
        • Name: English Wikipedia; Address: https://en.wikipedia.org/w
        • Name: English Wiktionary; Address: https://en.wiktionary.org/w
        • Make sure to tick the “Enabled” check box
      • To incorporate external Spoken Sanskrit online dictionary into Golden Dict add this entry under Menu -> Edit -> Dictionaries -> Sources -> Web
        • Name: Spoken Sanskrit; Address: http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=%GDWORD%&direct=au&anz=100
        • Make sure to tick both the “Enabled” and “As Link” check boxes

Scanned Dictionaries

Monier Williams – Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Individual Pages

Nicely scanned and individually named pages. Find the page containing the word you want and open it up. Can work on mobile platforms too with the right reader.

PDF format
TIFF format

Book

Apte – The Practical Sanskrit-Enlish Dictionary – Book

  • DJVU format – Usable

Online Dictionaries

    • Kosha.Sanskrit.Today – A very good collection of a number of easily searchable dictionaries
    • SanskritDictionary.com is another good portal into a number of dictionaries
    • Spoken Sanskrit online dictionary – A good quick resource
    • Monier Williams – Usable
    • ApteUsable

And . . .

More soft-copy dictionaries are in the Arsha Drishti Library.

Declension and Conjugation

  • Online –The Sanskrit Grammarian – Quick, easy, usually right 🙂
  • Downloadable PDF format book – Śabdamañjarī

Grammar

Kale Higher Sanskrit Grammar – A thorough and authoritative resource with Pāṇini references

    • Online Kale Grammar – Nice index into material, if a bit slow
    • Downloads
      • DJVU format – Usable

Devanāgarī Input

Learn to directly type directly in देवनागरी and love life forever.

Mac / OSX

Option 1

Use the built-in Hindi input methods. HERE is a good video tutorial. This is the simplest approach if you don’t need transliterated characters.

Option 2

ArshaDrishti Sanskrit keyboard layout allows you to easily and directly enter both Devanāgarī and transliteration with diacritical marks. It is a modification of the DevUni (Devanāgarī Unicode) keyboard layout.

To setup:

1. Download the file ArshaDrishti Sanskrit V2.2.bundle.zip from Arsha Drishti HERE

Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Free

2. Unzip the file

3. Copy the unzipped file ArshaDrishti Sanskrit V2.2.bundle into /Library/Keyboard Layouts. This may require administrator authentication

4. In System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Keyboard tab check the box: “Show keyboard & emoji viewers in menu bar”

5. In System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Input Sourcesclick the “+” icon on the lower left. Ft231x usb uart driver free download. Then select “Sanskrit” in the left column. Select “ArshaDrishti Sanskrit” in the right column and click Add

6. In the same tab System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Input Sourcescheck the box“Show input menu in menu bar”

7. Quit System Preferences

8. From the input menu pull-down in the menu bar select “ArshaDrishti Sanskrit”. You should see the icon next to it

Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Free

9. Also select “Show Keyboard Viewer” from the same dropdown menu to show the keyboard viewer.

10. Press the shift key and the option key individually and also together with the caps lock off to see the various transliteration characters in the keyboard viewer,

11. Press the shift key and the option key individually and also together with the caps lock on to see the devanāgarī characters in the keyboard viewer.

To use:

Important Keys:

Caps Lock – shifts you in and out of Devanāgarī mode
Shift
Option
Option-Shift
“f” key gives you the virāma allowing creation of conjunct consonants

To type in Devanāgarī, turn the Caps Lock on. Look at the Keyboard Viewer to understand the keyboard layout. See the additional characters made available by the Shift, Option, and Shift-Option keys.

To use transliteratedcharacters ensure Caps Lock is off. Look at the Keyboard Viewer to understand the keyboard layout. See the additional characters made available by the Option and Shift-Option Set virtual vmix free. keys. Without the option key, the standard keyboard is available.

Known bugs:

1) Rarely used Devanāgarī non-initial long ॠ / ṝ, long ॡ / Ḷ and short ऌ / ḷ characters do not properly appear under the consonant;
Workaround: Using “Show Emojis and Symbols” find the following Devanāgarī characters and add to your “Favorites” in the character viewer:
DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR
DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL
DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L
You can now insert these non-initial vowels after a consonant by clicking on them in your Character Viewer Favorites – e.g. कॄ कॣ कॢ

2) Insertion of an extra space after a virāma e.g. सूत््रर instead of सूत्र
Scope: Some chrome input fields
Workaround: Backspace one space after entering a virāma, and conjunct consonants will form properly

Windows

Vidyut – The Vidyut keyboard enables direct typing of Unicode-compliant Devanāgarī and selected Sanskrit Vedic and metrical marks on Windows computers using a phonetic method.

BarahaIME is a well-established Windows Input Method Editor (IME) for a variety of Indic languages. 30 day free trial

Keyman Desktop allows a large number of scripts that people have made to handle a variety of foreign languages. The script (keyboard manager) to use along with this is the Heidelberg Input Solution. It makes use of the International Standard for transliteration. For example, it converts a ‘s’ into palatal by typing a ` before the s, a cerebral by typing a . before the s, and so on. Recommended font is Siddhanta.

Google Input Tool – Used to provide a free downloadable tool for Windows; Now has only Chrome extension and Android version; Can also be used online.

Mobile

Both Android and iPhone have Devanāgarī keyboard layouts you can enable or download.

Online

    • Google Input Tool – Set to Sanskrit and type away
    • Sanscript – Another option

More

Roots, Verb Forms and Primary Derivatives by Whitney – A quick and easy reference for verbs and verbals

  • Downloads
    • DJVU format – Usable

Many more Western and Pāṇinīya Sanskrit grammars, primers, readers, dictionaries etc. will be available soon in the Arsha Drishti Virtual Library.Pāṇini tools coming soon.